Microbial Diversity Explore version 2

MICROBIAL VOLUME AND DIVERSITY

THE GUT MICROBIOME IS COMPOSED OF HIGHLY DIVERSE MICROORGANISMS LIVING IN THE HUMAN INTESTINAL TRACT

Considered a distinct and essential organ within the human body, the gut microbiome contains 100 trillion microorganisms and consists of an estimated 500-1000 different species.1-4

Microbiome composition

Common bacterial phyla in the gut1,5:

  • Bacteroidetes
  • Firmicutes
  • Proteobacteria
  • Actinobacteria
  • Fusobacteria
  • Verrucomicrobia

Comprise ~90% of microbiota

References: 1. Thursby E, Juge N. Biochem J. 2017;474(11):1823-1836. 2. Gilbert JA, et al. Nat Med. 2018;24(4):392-400. 3. Antharam VC, et al. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(9):2884-2892. 4. Marchesi JR, et al. Gut. 2016;65(2):330-339. 5. Jandhyala SM, et al. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(29):8787-8803. 6. Wexler AG, Goodman AL. Nat Microbiol. 2017;2(1):17115. 7. Rinninella E, et al. Microorganisms. 2019;7(1):14. 8. Gill SR, et al. Science. 2006;312(5778):1355-1359. 9. Kurokawa K, et al. DNA Res. 2007;14(4):169-181. 10. Li X, et al. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;137:111290. 11. Kho ZY, Lal SK. Front Microbiol. 2018;9(1835):1-23. 12. Sokol H, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105(43):16731-16736. 13. Willing BP, et al. Gastroenterology. 2010;139(6):1844-1854.e1. 14. Machiels K, et al. Gut. 2014;63(8):1275-1283. 15. Paust S, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101(28):10398-10403. 16. El Aidy S, et al. Mucosal Immunol. 2012;5(5):567-579. 17. Lawley TD, Walker AW. Immunology. 2013;138(1):1-11. 18. Herrera G, et al. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):10849. 19. Theriot CM, Young VB. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2015;69:445-461.

MICROBIAL VOLUME AND DIVERSITY

BACTEROIDETES AND FIRMICUTES ARE MOST PREVALENT IN THE GUT
MICROBIOME AND WORK SYMBIOTICALLY6-8

Bacteroides

Gram-negative Bacteroidetes
Their ability to adapt and persist in changing gut environments allows abundance and stability,6,9-11 providing long-term associations with human hosts and enabling functions that include6..

  • Immunomodulatory effects6,a
  • Inhibitory activities against C. difficile and reduction of colonization12,a,b
Firmicutes

Gram-positive Firmicutes
Composed of helpful and harmful bacteria,3,13 Firmicutes are the most abundant and diverse bacterial gut species,3 with functions that include:

  • Anti-inflammatory effects14-16,c
  • Fortification of gut barrier (along with other bacteria)17-19,b

aSome Bacteroidetes. bIn preclinical studies. cDemonstrated in Crohn’s disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and ulcerative colitis studies.

Deficiencies in
Bacteroidetes and
Firmicutes are
particularly
associated with
C. difficile infection.3,8,20

References: 1. Thursby E, Juge N. Biochem J. 2017;474(11):1823-1836. 2. Gilbert JA, et al. Nat Med. 2018;24(4):392-400. 3. Antharam VC, et al. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(9):2884-2892. 4. Marchesi JR, et al. Gut. 2016;65(2):330-339. 5. Jandhyala SM, et al. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(29):8787-8803. 6. Wexler AG, Goodman AL. Nat Microbiol. 2017;2(1):17115. 7. Rinninella E, et al. Microorganisms. 2019;7(1):14. 8. Gill SR, et al. Science. 2006;312(5778):1355-1359. 9. Kurokawa K, et al. DNA Res. 2007;14(4):169-181. 10. Li X, et al. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;137:111290. 11. Kho ZY, Lal SK. Front Microbiol. 2018;9(1835):1-23. 12. Sokol H, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105(43):16731-16736. 13. Willing BP, et al. Gastroenterology. 2010;139(6):1844-1854.e1. 14. Machiels K, et al. Gut. 2014;63(8):1275-1283. 15. Paust S, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101(28):10398-10403. 16. El Aidy S, et al. Mucosal Immunol. 2012;5(5):567-579. 17. Lawley TD, Walker AW. Immunology. 2013;138(1):1-11. 18. Herrera G, et al. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):10849. 19. Theriot CM, Young VB. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2015;69:445-461.

MICROBIAL VOLUME AND DIVERSITY

THE BROAD CONSORTIUM OF BACTERIA WITHIN THE GUT MICROBIOME FUNCTIONS TO PROMOTE OVERALL HEALTH

Intestine

Aids in health digestive function19

Check mark

Protects from harmful  microorganisms and plays a role in immunity19

Barrier

Acts as a barrier and achieves colonization resistance1,19

References: 1. Thursby E, Juge N. Biochem J. 2017;474(11):1823-1836. 2. Gilbert JA, et al. Nat Med. 2018;24(4):392-400. 3. Antharam VC, et al. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(9):2884-2892. 4. Marchesi JR, et al. Gut. 2016;65(2):330-339. 5. Jandhyala SM, et al. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(29):8787-8803. 6. Wexler AG, Goodman AL. Nat Microbiol. 2017;2(1):17115. 7. Rinninella E, et al. Microorganisms. 2019;7(1):14. 8. Gill SR, et al. Science. 2006;312(5778):1355-1359. 9. Kurokawa K, et al. DNA Res. 2007;14(4):169-181. 10. Li X, et al. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;137:111290. 11. Kho ZY, Lal SK. Front Microbiol. 2018;9(1835):1-23. 12. Sokol H, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105(43):16731-16736. 13. Willing BP, et al. Gastroenterology. 2010;139(6):1844-1854.e1. 14. Machiels K, et al. Gut. 2014;63(8):1275-1283. 15. Paust S, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101(28):10398-10403. 16. El Aidy S, et al. Mucosal Immunol. 2012;5(5):567-579. 17. Lawley TD, Walker AW. Immunology. 2013;138(1):1-11. 18. Herrera G, et al. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):10849. 19. Theriot CM, Young VB. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2015;69:445-461.